Mapping the Binding and Calmodulin-Dependent Activation of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isozymes

ABSTRACT

Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous cytosolic Ca²⁺-binding protein that can bind and activate numerous intracellular target proteins including the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. There are three different isoforms of NOS found in mammals - neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) - with all three isozymes capable of producing the free radical, nitric oxide (•NO). At elevated cellular Ca²⁺ concentrations, CaM is able to bind and activate nNOS and eNOS. In contrast, the iNOS isozyme is transcriptionally regulated and binds to CaM in the absence of Ca²⁺. To further investigate the differences in the association of CaM to the Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent NOS isoforms, a variety of CaM mutants were employed. These included CaM-troponin C chimeras, CaM EF hand pair proteins, CaM mutants incapable of binding to Ca²⁺, methionine oxidized CaM mutants, phosphomimetic CaM mutants and central linker CaM mutants. By characterizing these CaM proteins using a variety of biochemical techniques, we have mapped the binding and the CaM-dependent activation of the NOS enzymes to study their effect on the different electron transfer steps within the NOS enzymes. In addition, fluorescence and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) were used to monitor the orientation and conformation of CaM when bound to the NOS peptides and enzymes. Combining these cumulative results, a working model describing the CaM-dependent regulation of iNOS is proposed.

Keywords: