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<article article-type="research-article" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TOBIOJ</journal-id>
            <journal-title>The Open Biology Journal</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Open Bio. J.</abbrev-journal-title>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1874-1967</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Bentham Open</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">TOBIOJ-2-114</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1874196700902010114</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>Biology</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>A Tridimensional Model of Proangiogenic Calcium Signals in Endothelial Cells</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Munaron</surname>
                        <given-names>Luca</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">&#x002A;</xref>
                </contrib>
                <aff>Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy</aff>
            </contrib-group>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="cor1">
                    <label>&#x002A;</label>Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Animal and
Human Biology, University of Torino, <italic>Via</italic> Accademia Albertina 13, 10123
Torino, Italy; Tel: +39.011.6704667; Fax: +39.011.6704508; E-mail: <email xlink:href="luca.munaron@unito.it">luca.munaron@unito.it</email></corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
                <day>20</day>
                <month>10</month>
                <year>2009</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date pub-type="collection">
                <year>2009</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>2</volume>
            <fpage>114</fpage>
            <lpage>129</lpage>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>05</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2009</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>20</day>
                    <month>05</month>
                    <year>2009</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>10</day>
                    <month>06</month>
                    <year>2009</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2009 Luca Munaron</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
                <copyright-holder>Luca Munaron</copyright-holder>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">
                    <p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: (<uri xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</uri>). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <p>Angiogenic factors, including bFGF and VEGF, induce cytosolic calcium (Ca<sub>c</sub>) increases in endothelial cells,
critically involved in angiogenesis progression. At low agonist concentrations, Ca<sub>c</sub> elevation is mainly due to calcium
entry controlled by a complex interplay between two intracellular messengers, arachidonic acid (AA) and nitric oxide
(NO), released upon stimulation with proangiogenic factors: they trigger spatially localized calcium signals restricted to
the cell periphery, and such a spatiotemporal pattern could contribute to the specificity of cellular responses.
Based on experimental measurements, here we provide the first quantitative spatiotemporal 3D modeling of
proangiogenic calcium events in endothelial cells using Virtual Cell framework. The main aims were to validate
previously proposed signaling pathways and to suggest new experimental protocols.
The most relevant conclusions are: 1. The interplay between AA and NO, previously proposed to be responsible for
VEGF/bFGF-dependent calcium entry in endothelial cells, triggers peripheral calcium signals that reproduce the
experimental measurements; 2. Spatial restriction is not an artefact due to the calcium-sensitive dye; 3. Channels
clusterization in thin lamellipodia plays a key role in the generation of the peripheral-restricted proangiogenic calcium
signals; 4. A model containing two distinct channels, named AAAC and NOAC, respectively activated by AA or NO,
explains the basic properties of proangiogenic calcium signals.
This could be considered an &#x2018;open model&#x2019; containing the simplest conditions leading to a satisfactory reproduction of the
experimental results: it should be implemented in order to make it more complete and to maximize physical and
biochemical constraints.</p>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group>
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Intracellular calcium</kwd>
                <kwd>endothelial cell</kwd>
                <kwd>angiogenesis</kwd>
                <kwd>modeling</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
</article>
