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<article article-type="research-article" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TOBIOJ</journal-id>
            <journal-title>The Open Biology Journal</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Open Bio. J.</abbrev-journal-title>
            <issn pub-type="epub">1874-1967</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Bentham Open</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">TOBIOJ-2-66</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1874196700902010066</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>Biology</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Group Selection and Reciprocity among Kin</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
                    <name>
                        <surname>Dahanukar</surname>
                        <given-names>Neelesh</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">&#x002A;</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Watve</surname>
                        <given-names>Milind</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
                </contrib>
                <aff id="aff1">
                    <label>1</label>Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sai Trinity, Central Tower, Garware Circle, Pune 411021, India</aff>
                <aff id="aff2">
                    <label>2</label>Department of Microbiology, Abasaheb Garware College, Karve Road, Pune 411004, India</aff>
            </contrib-group>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="cor1">
                    <label>&#x002A;</label>Address correspondence to this author at the Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Sai Trinity, Central Tower, Garware Circle, Pune
411021, India; E-mail: <email xlink:href="neeleshdahanukar@rediffmail.com">neeleshdahanukar@rediffmail.com</email></corresp>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date pub-type="epub">
                <day>08</day>
                <month>7</month>
                <year>2009</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date pub-type="collection">
                <year>2009</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>2</volume>
            <fpage>66</fpage>
            <lpage>79</lpage>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>11</month>
                    <year>2008</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>21</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2009</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>23</day>
                    <month>01</month>
                    <year>2009</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2009 Dahanukar and Watve;</copyright-statement>
                <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
                <copyright-holder>Neelesh Dahanukar and Milind Watve</copyright-holder>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">
                    <p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: (<uri xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</uri>). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <p>The question how Darwinian mechanisms lead to the evolution of individually costly cooperative behavior has
given rise to a number of hypotheses. However, attempts to build a synthesis where different types of mechanisms coexist
and interact at different levels of selections are still scarce. Here we derive simple game theoretical models where the
group level conflicts are resolved by group selection while simultaneously within group competition is resolved by kin
selection and reciprocity. We show that none of the mechanisms, when alone, is as robust in evolving and maintaining
cooperation as a synthesis of all. Furthermore, we show that initially within group conflicts can be overcome only by kin
selection and not reciprocity. However, once common, different types of reciprocities can maintain high levels of
cooperation even if average relatedness among individuals is lowered, groups become large, and the benefits of
cooperation are reduced. Based on the synthesis we also propose a possible route to the evolution of social and eusocial
systems.</p>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group>
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Evolutionary game theory</kwd>
                <kwd>prisoner&#x2019;s dilemma</kwd>
                <kwd>evolution of cooperation</kwd>
                <kwd>multi-level selection</kwd>
                <kwd>evolution of social systems</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
</article>
